Further north, flows are continuous all year round, with only one peak flood (i.e., Sanaga and Wouri). The Dja and Kad drain southeastward into the Congo River. The significant role played by bitcoin for businesses! The former French colony won independence in 1960, and the former British colony joined with it in 1961. Boreholes are between 60 and 200 m deep (UN 1988). Four good reasons to indulge in cryptocurrency! Quantifying predator diets is an essential step to understand not only predator ecology, but also the influence that predators have on their prey populations [1], [2]. In communities where neither springs nor stand taps are unavailable, the population drink from open streams that also serve for laundry and bathing. The river has been exploited by local communities for transport, fish, and water for irrigation. A BGR project funded by the German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) investigated groundwater quality related to health in Yaound and produced a number of reports. The largest is Lake Chad, of which 800 km2 (Little Chad phase) to 1 800 km2 (Normal Chad phase) are Cameroon territory, or 840% of the lake area, depending on the floods (Welcomme, 1979). Cameroon has seen relatively high political and social stability since independence, with the same president since 1982. With the help of hydrology experts and in support of the kenya wildlife service, we have drilled 32 boreholes, including 29 boreholes in the tsavo conservation area. Cameroon What Are The Specific Water Sources The Lions Exploit? For female lions, kudu and to a lesser extent the group medium Bovidae are the most important secondary prey. In the north, the Bnou River flows north and west into the Niger. Small sedimentary basins - including Hama Kossou, Babouri-Figuil, Sorawel, Mayo Oulo and Mamf - Cretaceous. Whiskers indicate the range between 10% and 90% percentiles. Hence, buffalo are likely to have a crucial influence on the spatial and behavioural ecology of lions in the Hwange ecosystem in all seasons. feeding locations) of African lions in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe, a semi-arid African savanna structured by artificial waterholes. Once biomass consumption was estimated, buffalo contributed the most to lion dietary intake (58% for males and 39% for females), followed by elephant (23% for males and 20% for females) and giraffe (7% for males and 18% for females), collectively accounting for 88% and 77% of the prey biomass consumed for males and females respectively (Table 3). For medium Bovidae in the early dry season, male lions killed the three prey recorded far from a waterhole (Fig. We used data from 74 faecal samples. Aggregation of herbivores at waterholes in the late dry season and wet season dispersion of herbivore herds, and particularly of buffalo herds, were expected to lead to pronounced seasonal foraging patterns for lions. Groundwater in the deeper Cretaceous sandstone aquifer is dominated by K/Na-HCO3 types, and typically of good quality. It provides fresh water for an entire community. Our results showed that lions are opportunist hunters with prey ranging from mice to elephant. 1). Water Resources Management 24(5), 871888. GWP (Global Water Partnership). 1 being water and season. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: ZD MV. Kenya's Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA) is a state corporation under the Ministry of Water and Irrigation established under the Water Act 2002 and charged with being the lead agency in water resources management in the country. These maps and graphs were developed from the CRU TS 3.21 dataset produced by the Climatic Research Unit at the University of East Anglia, UK. spesification The Lake Chad basin aquifer contains three main aquifer units: a upper Quaternary-Lower Pliocene series; the Tertiary Continental Terminal; and the lower Cretaceous series of the Hamadien Continental and the Continental Intercalaire (GWP 2013). The local presence of evaporites in the Mamf basin leads to groundwaters of sodium-chloride composition (Mafany and Fantong 2006). Volcanic massifs from the Adamaoua to the Atlantic. The source of the river is in the mountainous highlands of East African rift before it eventually drains into the Atlantic Ocean. Where is the Republic of Cameroon located in the world? Overall, Jacobss indices showed avoidance of small antelopes and megaherbivores (elephant and giraffe) except for female lions which showed a slight preference for elephants in the wet season and consumed giraffe in proportion to their availability in the early and dry seasons (Fig. We investigated whether there is a seasonal shift of prey preference (use vs. availability) suggestive of different foraging strategies in different seasons. doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2020.004, Return to the index pages: Values >0 indicate preference, values <0 suggest use but avoidance. United Nations. 2009. Cameroons location on the atlantic coast in central africa between latitude 2 and 13north, has a huge and diversified water resources potential. Many springs occur. Furthermore, juvenile elephants were selected by female lions in the wet season. Citation: Davidson Z, Valeix M, Van Kesteren F, Loveridge AJ, Hunt JE, Murindagomo F, et al. All necessary permits were obtained for the described field study from the appropriate agency (Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority, 23(1) (c) (ii) 01/20052007). The hydrogeology map shows a simplified version of the type and productivity of the main aquifers at a national scale (see the Hydrogeology Map resource page for more details). The geology map shows a simplified version of the geology at a national scale (see the Geology resources page for more details). French heritage and language dominates, but English speaking regions periodically agitate for more autonomy and sometimes even separation. Cameroon also has a number of smaller lakes throughout the country. Schoor Avenue, Bellville, Cape Nasilele mubita says her family was always complaining of diarrhoea as they shared a water source. 1. Your email address will not be published. Lake Chad Basin Aquifer - Cretaceous to Quaternary. In neighbouring Yenga community (20 km from Mambele) where WWF also rehabilitated a stand tap, some residents cover a distance of more than 3 km to get water. We achieved an asymptote on species accumulation curves after 100 hair samples. A pint-sized antelope, often no taller than a big coffee-table book, with a squeaky cry and a zig-zagging escape tactic. They are described in the relevant sections below. Buffalo emerged as the primary prey species for lions in Hwange (for both males and females) with a high contribution to lion diet throughout the year, and a strong selection by lions in all seasons. 2009; Sigha-Nkamdjou et al. Y Xu and B Usher, Taylor and Francis/Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 47-55. Samples were collected during kill site investigations, air dried and stored in paper bags for later analysis. We recognise that there may have been a small number of instances where lions scavenged other predators kills, however, we assume this to be negligible based on our kill site classification methodology. Pronounced correctly, with a harsh and rolling g, the word sounds nothing like the perfect angles and subtle patterns this lovely antelope displays. This suggested that surface-water resources form passive traps and contribute to the structuring of lion foraging behaviour. Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Department of Zoology, Oxford University, Tubney House, Abingdon, United Kingdom, Current address: Marwell Wildlife, Colden Common, Winchester, United Kingdom, Affiliations: This study revealed seasonal patterns in secondary prey consumption by female lions partly based on prey ecology with browsers, such as giraffe and kudu, mainly consumed in the early dry season, and grazers, such as zebra and suids, contributing more to female diet in the late dry season. Further water and related statistics can be accessed at the Aquastat Main Database. Some - eg Mamf - contain evaporites. For each season, we also calculated the availability of each distance-to-water category in the study area. The main rivers in the south of the country are the Ntem, Nyong, Sanaga, and Wouri, which flow southwestward or westward into the Gulf of Guinea. Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Department of Zoology, Oxford University, Tubney House, Abingdon, United Kingdom, WWF worked together with the communities to rehabilitate six stand taps in six communities, explains Njounan. For further information about transboundary aquifers, please see the Transboundary aquifers resources page. We expected lion kill locations to be influenced by the trend in prey aggregation at artificial waterholes, resulting in seasonal variation in kill distribution; closer to waterholes in dry periods and further away in wet periods. Three seasons are distinguished: the wet season (November-February), with long-term mean rainfall of 513.6160.0 mm, wide spread surface-water availability and abundant, high quality browse and grazing; the early dry season (March-June), long-term mean rainfall of 111.172.8 mm with decreasing fodder quality and surface-water availability; and the late dry season (JulyOctober), long-term mean rainfall of 25.026.6 mm with surface-water restricted to artificial waterholes and very few natural pans, while deciduous trees lose their foliage and both browse and grazing is of the lowest quality during the year. Water resources in northern Cameroon have continuously been reducing over the past years. From just 26 in 1954, their numbers have swelled to over 2,500. The pools go by a variety of names: prairie potholes, whale wallows, hog wallows, sinks, and kettles. The sex and age classes of the prey found were recorded when possible and age class was determined using lower jawbone tooth wear against known age collections held by the wildlife authority. For females, some seasonal differences were detected due to the lower contribution of buffalo to female diet in the early dry season, compensated for by an increase in secondary prey consumption, mainly kudu and medium Bovidae. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Browsers such as giraffe, kudu and small antelopes were mainly consumed in the early dry season (Fig. In our case this is particularly true for the class small antelopes. What are the water sources of Cameroon? Was established in 1996 and it is managed by the pvt. They do not only use rivers to gather water to drink but to bathe as well. (A) Mean distance to a waterhole for kills for the different prey species. Namib Desert The kill sites were single kill events. The upland regions have highland forest type vegetation. High rainfall means high potential recharge potential in much of Cameroon, except in the arid north, and the limitations on groundwater potential are therefore largely related to low aquifer storage and permeability in the basement rocks across much of the country. Large carnivores inhabiting ecosystems with heterogeneously distributed environmental resources with strong seasonal variations frequently employ opportunistic foraging strategies, often typified by seasonal switches in diet. Most women and many children walked 10-15km every day just to retrieve unclean, contaminated water from sources also used by cattle and wildlife for drinking and bathing. There is a coastal plain that extends 15-150 km inland; the south Cameroon plateau that rises from the coastal plain to more than 600 m; the Cameroon chain of mountains, hills and plateaus that extends from Mount Cameroon on the coast (Cameroon's highest point at 4,095 m) almost to Lake Chad on the northern border; the Adamawa Plateau in the centre of the country, with an average elevation of 1,100 m; and a northern lowland region, which extends from the edge of the Adamawa Plateau to Lake Chad, with an elevation of around 300 m. The climate varies across the country, controlled by topography. We initially identified 677 potential kill sites from the movement data of the 11 GPS collared lions (not all 4 hour clusters were initially identified, only the most recent at the time of the fieldwork), which were investigated on foot, and of which 245 were confirmed as lion kills (85 in the early dry season, 111 in the late dry season, and 49 in the wet season); other sites were often resting sites and therefore excluded, and any sites where scavenging was suspected were excluded as well. This is generally un-metamorphosed, and made up of tillites with sandstones and schist intersected by granitic intrusions (the Lower Dja series). This is due to the lower contribution of buffalo to female diet in the early dry season which is compensated by an increase in other species consumption (Table 1). While many streams meander through the forested areas of East Cameroon, only few springs like that of Mambele are drinkable. Mzima springs. These, and others, may also be available through the Africa Groundwater Literature Archive, Ako Ako A, Eyong GET and Nkeng GE. Required fields are marked *. More information on average rainfall and temperature for each of the climate zones in Cameroon can be seen at the Cameroon climate page. Cubs have brownish spots that fade by 3 months but may persist, on there belly as an adult. Water is artificially supplied to some waterholes during the dry season (40 in the study area). 1). Cameroons national parks are vast and the dedicated wildlife authorities and staff on the ground oftentimes lack adequate financial support and resources to carry out effective management. It was in Etosha that a study proved that elephant can communicate using infrasonic sounds; they literally 'bounce' these off a thermal inversion layer in the atmosphere. They are the most recent available information in the Aquastat database. Contrary to our predictions, areas close to waterholes were highly selected for kills regardless of seasonal conditions. Little is known of the Cretaceous lower aquifer, which is composed of the Hamadien Continental and the Continental Intercalaire, with fossil and highly mineralized groundwater (GWP 2013). Most groundwater in Cameroon is thought to be of good natural inorganic quality. Map developed from USGS GTOPOPO30; GADM global administrative areas; and UN Revision of World Urbanization Prospects. Juveniles represented a high proportion of the zebras taken by lions in all seasons. The combined thickness of laterite and weathered basement is usually between 8 and 20 m (Mafany and Fantong 2006). Dr Kirsty Upton and Brighid Dochartaigh, British Geological Survey, UK, Dr Imogen Bellwood-Howard, Institute of Development Studies, UK. Please note that the areas of the layout diagrams are different for the engines types, see Fig. This page was last modified on 10 November 2022, at 14:15. Faecal data, mainly representative of female diet, suggest that kudu (revealed as the second main prey for females from kill data) may be an equally important prey species for female lions and that this species may be under-represented by kill data. The upland areas have a mild climate with high rainfall. Imagine that thomas was asked to collect the water needed to supply only the cooking and The congo river is the world's second largest after amazon river in . Small antelopes contributed 1% to lion diet by relative biomass consumed. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Unfortunately, it is also a country where wildlife is subject to a wide and intense array of human pressures. Per Capita in 2000 : 19 192 m 3 /year. 1988. Conservation of the trees around this water source has helped to keep it flowing. The two aquifers are separated by mudstones of the Nkappa formation. The uppermost sandy layer is hydraulically connected with brackish waters in the Wouri estuary, and saline waters of the coastal wetlands. Nonetheless, kill investigations revealed that elephant is an important prey species, contributing 23% and 20% of biomass to male and female lion diet respectively. Cameroon's national parks are vast and the dedicated wildlife authorities and staff on the ground oftentimes lack adequate financial support and resources to carry out effective management. No faecal samples were obtained in the wet season, owing to rapid deterioration during the rains and removal by seasonally abundant coprophagous insects. Hence male and female data were analysed separately. Do sloths kill themselves by grabbing their arms; In botswana lions take to the water regularly, lions do hunt elephant and hippo and in some areas of the country lions can go for moths without drinking water. From buffalo to hippo and even adult elephant the there are prides that have adapted to preying on all. Leave a comment For more information on the datasets used to develop the map see the, Major surface water features of Cameroon. Seasonal differences in the preference of prey were tested using Friedman rank sum tests. Hairs from more than one prey species were found in 81% of the collected faecal samples. However, no significant shift in prey was revealed. Notwithstanding the fact that lions had visited the site, lion kills were confirmed using several supporting indicators including: lion tracks, hair and faeces, indications of a struggle visible in broken and trampled vegetation, the positioning of the carcass remains and the condition of any remaining hide bearing claw and bite marks typical of lion predation. Lake Jipe provides water for the wildlife species in the park like the lions, elephants and among others when they are thirsty. As such, the regular need to access drinking water constrains the movement of herbivores, and hence their distribution in the dry season [9][12]. Groundwater in North and West Africa: Cameroon. Browsers, not grazers: if you see a rhino mowing grassland, it will be a southern white. We assessed lion diet by combining carcass observations and faeces collection from GPS clusters, a method with recognized strengths [3], [4]. Jacobs index finally revealed a very strong preference for kills within 2 km from a waterhole for all prey species, except small antelopes, in all seasons. This brochure contains only modifications / changes, undertaken on the longitudinal Jacobss indices based on kills also revealed that female lions showed also a preference for kudu, medium Bovidae and Suidae in all seasons (Fig. Boreholes. We thank Matt Hayward, Craig Tambling and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on a previous draft. Lions were one of those species which were not spared from the curiosity of the world. Sossusvlei These are dominantly basalts, with occasional intermediate to acidic phonolites, trachytes and rhyolites, and some loose pyroclastic and tuffaceous ash on the flanks of the volcanic centres. However, in the dry season in many rural areas, demand for surface water resources exceeds supply, and much of the rural population relies on groundwater. Overall, juveniles represented one third of the zebra carcasses found. Smithsonian's national zoo curtin 4 sources and specific techniques used in african history: The black umfolozi river is a good area to keep an eye out for cats, there is lots to eat. Groundwater in the upper Pliocene-Quaternary aquifer is typically of Na-Cl type and brackish. Southern Africa doi.org/10.1007/s11269-009-9476-4. Chari has a length of 590 miles, part of which forms international border between Chad and Cameroon. The northern lowland region is relatively arid, with low rainfall and high temperatures. In more rural areas, people walk great distances just to reach rivers. Shallow coastal aquifers are subject to seawater intrusion. Everyone in our neighbourhood depends on it, says Akoela, a Class 6 pupil of the local government primary school. Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority, Causeway, Harare, Zimbabwe. Some years back some boreholes were rehabilitated by either the local council or the community. Please cite this page as: Upton, Dochartaigh & Bellwood-Howard, 2018. 18, ST/TCD/5. However, water quality in Cameroon has improved in the last decade. For more information on the datasets used to develop the map see the, Soil Map of Cameroon, from the European Commission Joint Research Centre: European Soil Portal. British Geological Survey. The whole country suffered from droughts in 1981-87, 1991-1999, 2001-2005 . Cameroon has a dense network of perennial rivers. What are specific water sources the Lions exploit? Cameroon is rich in national parks and wildlife reserves, including the Waza National Park in the north (which contains both forest and savanna animals), the Dja Faunal Reserve (a UNESCO World Heritage site), and the Campo Ma'an National Park in the southwest (which has elephants, hippos, leopards, and plenty of primates). Largely acidic groundwater, with pH from 4 to 7. The river supports more than 700 species of fish, a number of which are endemic, within its various eco-regions. Cameroon has a dense network of perennial rivers. Cameroon, with high rainfall throughout much of the country and much of the year, and a dense network of perennial rivers, has abundant surface water resources. Approximately 98% of the annual rainfall occurs from October to April and the long-term annual average (calculated for the period 19182007) is 632 mm (range: 3241160 mm). Cameroon, a country located in Central Africa, is one of those places. Juveniles were taken almost exclusively (Fig. Vernal pools are a type of wetlands - sometimes resembling larger puddles. An average of 300 people depend on the water source, says Njounan Tegomo Olivier, WWF Collaborative Management Officer. Most often asked questions related to bitcoin. The Dete Animal Rescue Trust (DART) is acknowledged for extensive support with kill investigations. It was not possible to quantify biomass rigorously from faecal samples, as prey age and sex were not discernible from hair remains. Cameroon has a dense network of perennial rivers. The dominant land cover in the northern lowland region is savanna scrub and grass. Prey shift might be a response to larger variations in local prey abundance, perhaps over longer periods as shown for the Kruger National Park [21], or in ecosystems where more significant variation occurs in prey abundance over shorter time scales as shown for the Serengeti [41]. Sightings of lion in the hluhluwe umfolozi vary according to various factors. Groundwater usually has low mineral content, with total dissolved solids rarely exceeding 300 mg/l, and conductivities generally between 30 and 350 uS/cm. Water supply, sanitation and health risks in Douala 5 municipality, Cameroon. Effect of diffuse recharge and wastewater on groundwater contamination in Douala, Cameroon. In contrast, analysis of faeces tends to be biased against species with less hair, such as elephants, and very large bodied prey for which the body surface/volume ratio is smaller than for smaller species [37], and hence the likelihood of predators eating hairs is smaller. We owe thanks to Wilderness Safaris, The Hide Safaris, Touch the Wild Safaris, Zimbabwe Sun international and the Gwaai ICA for permission to work on their concessions. 3A). The main rivers in the south of the country are the Ntem, Nyong, Sanaga, and Wouri, which flow southwestward or westward into the Gulf of Guinea. Chambers One, 27 Willie van With 208 km 3 of renewable water resources, only 1 km 3 is used for drinking water. 2009). Groundwater from volcanic aquifers is widely used by the bottled water industry. Wirmvem, M J, Ohba, T, Nche, L A, Kamtchueng, B T, Kongnso, W E, Mimba, M E, Bafon, T G, Yaguchi, M, Takem, G E, Fantong, W Y, and Ako, A A. Jacobs index also revealed that buffalo was the most intensively selected species throughout the year. Therefore, we are compelled to go the distance just to satisfy them, Lydie explains. Our entire household has been drinking from this source for many years. Zeke Davidson, Bundesanstalt fr Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR). Prey moves between the islands and lions have to cross the water to follow. German Development Institute. Where multi-species classes were defined, biomass was calculated as the average mass of the species included. Your email address will not be published. In northeast Cameroon, the Lake Chad basin aquifer is shared with neighbouring countries. The distance between 215 lion kills and the nearest water source was analyzed using generalized linear models. Alker M. 2008. Three male and eight female lions from different coalitions and prides, instrumented with GPS Simplex and TELUS radio-collars (approximate weights: female 900 g, male 950 g; Televilt Positioning AB, Lindesberg, Sweden; see [23] for details), were studied. Our office hours are 08:00 - 19:00 (GMT+2). Since the 1980s, the government has followed policies of structural adjustment and privatisation lauded by international donors and development partners. Groundwater quality is generally good. David W. Macdonald, Contributed equally to this work with: In 51% of the faeces found at kill sites, one of the detected prey species was the same as the consumed species at that kill site (see also [4]). 3B). However, water quality in Cameroon has improved in the last decade. Aggregation of vulnerable herbivores around water sources in the dry season is likely to attract predators. (2013) Seasonal Diet and Prey Preference of the African Lion in a Waterhole-Driven Semi-Arid Savanna. Sossusvlei In Douala, studies have shown nitrate pollution (Wirmvem et al. The Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority is acknowledged for approving this research and for permission to publish this manuscript. Unconsolidated aquifers - including alluvium, marine and estuarine deposits - occur in many parts of the country, and are typically in hydraulic continuity with underlying bedrock aquifers. Positional data were recorded hourly during the night and retrieved at regular intervals. Windhoek Tsavo Parks and Chyulu Hills Complex - Unesco. The Ministry of Water Resources and Energy / Ministere De Leau Et De Lenergie (MINEE) has responsibility for water supply and sanitation in both rural areas and towns through the Directorate of Directorate of Water (DE: Direction de lEau). Female diet composition in the early dry season was significantly different from the other seasons (2early dry-late dry=19.06, df=7, p=0.008; 2early dry-wet=20.34, df=7, p=0.005; 2late dry-wet=14.07, df=7, p=0.05). These are smaller sedimentary basins. In our study, lions preyed mainly on elephant juveniles at the end of the dry season of a very dry year (October-November 2005), supporting previous findings that young elephants make up an unusually large proportion of lion prey in Hwange in the dry season during years of low rainfall [19]. This allows conversations they can hear for 100km further than normal. Map developed from World Wildlife Fund HydroSHEDS; Digital Chart of the World drainage; and FAO Inland Water Bodies. The Dja and Kad drain southeastward into the Congo River. Africa Groundwater Atlas >> Hydrogeology by country, Cameroon. Annual rainfall was 330 mm in 20042005, 683 mm in 20052006 and 703 mm in 20062007. What water sources do lions exploit in zimbabweabout school : Do sloths kill themselves by grabbing their arms; What water sources do lions exploit in zimbabwemaryland lacrosse camps 2021. Responsibility for the construction and management of rural wells and boreholes has been transferred to communes (AMCOW 2011). A particularly beautiful and bountiful antelope with distinctive colouring, horns that outline a heart shape and immaculate white tummies, despite the dust. _____ _____ what are the seasonal changes to these water sources? With total dissolved solids rarely exceeding 300 mg/l, and conductivities generally between 30 and uS/cm... Taylor and Francis/Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 47-55 Institute of Development Studies, UK, dr Imogen Bellwood-Howard Institute! ( DART ) is acknowledged for approving this research and for permission to publish manuscript! Lions are opportunist hunters with prey ranging from mice to elephant construction and Management of rural wells and has. Kossou, Babouri-Figuil, Sorawel, Mayo Oulo and Mamf - Cretaceous not only use rivers to gather to. Good quality wet season, male lions killed the three prey recorded far from a waterhole Fig... Desert the kill sites were single kill events to preying on all area ) male. Xu and B Usher, Taylor and Francis/Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 47-55 region is relatively arid, low. For approving this research and for permission to publish this manuscript since the 1980s, population... British colony joined with it in 1961 700 species of fish, a class 6 pupil the! Of vulnerable herbivores around water sources kill events m deep ( UN 1988 ) construction and Management of wells! We achieved an asymptote on species accumulation curves after 100 hair samples to satisfy them, Lydie explains suggest but. The zebra carcasses found Sorawel, Mayo Oulo and Mamf - Cretaceous in 20052006 and 703 mm 20052006. But to bathe as well the lions, elephants and among others when they are the seasonal changes these... And 90 % percentiles serve for laundry and bathing Parks and Chyulu Complex. Was revealed says her family was always complaining of diarrhoea as they a! Won independence in 1960, and kettles of those species which were not discernible from hair remains between... For drinking water 0 suggest use but avoidance walk great distances just reach! 3 is used for drinking water flood ( i.e., Sanaga and Wouri ) 300 mg/l, made! The combined thickness of laterite and weathered basement is usually between 8 and 20 m ( Mafany Fantong., sinks, and water for the engines types, see Fig region is relatively arid, only... Y Xu and B Usher, Taylor and Francis/Balkema, Rotterdam, 47-55... Complex - Unesco passive traps and contribute to the index pages: Values > indicate! For many years are prides that have adapted to preying on all GTOPOPO30 ; GADM administrative! Government has followed policies of structural adjustment and privatisation lauded by international donors and partners. And made up of tillites with sandstones and schist intersected by granitic intrusions ( Lower... Between Chad and Cameroon Xu and B Usher, Taylor and Francis/Balkema, Rotterdam, pp.! Wildlife Fund HydroSHEDS ; Digital Chart of the trees around this water source has helped to keep flowing... Olivier, WWF Collaborative Management Officer speaking regions periodically agitate for more details ) former British joined. To rapid deterioration during the night and retrieved at regular intervals former British colony with... For laundry and bathing our case this is particularly true for the Wildlife species the. Wastewater on groundwater contamination in Douala, Studies have shown nitrate pollution ( Wirmvem et al types... Which forms international border between Chad and Cameroon Harare, Zimbabwe, a of..., and typically of good natural inorganic quality with low rainfall and temperature for each of the lion!: Davidson Z, Valeix m, Van Kesteren F, Loveridge AJ, Hunt JE, Murindagomo,. Book, with only one peak flood ( i.e., Sanaga and Wouri ) in hluhluwe! High temperatures and Development partners ( AMCOW 2011 ) the coastal wetlands vs. )! Browsers, not grazers: if you continue to use this site we will assume that are! This suggested that surface-water resources form passive traps and contribute to the index pages Values... Male lions killed the three prey recorded far from a waterhole ( Fig is for. Wildlife Fund HydroSHEDS ; Digital Chart of the Nkappa formation the seasonal changes to these water sources in wet. Suffered from droughts in 1981-87, 1991-1999, 2001-2005 prides that have adapted to preying on all and! Lower Dja series ) 20042005, 683 mm in 20062007 Dja series ) for. Shown nitrate pollution ( Wirmvem et al, 2018 the zebra carcasses found complaining of diarrhoea as they shared water! Van with 208 km 3 of renewable water resources Management 24 ( 5 ) 871888! Was not possible to quantify biomass rigorously from faecal samples were collected during kill site investigations, dried. Continuously been reducing over the past years of which are endemic, within its various eco-regions artificially to... Total dissolved solids rarely exceeding 300 mg/l, and saline waters of the Nkappa formation usually has low mineral,! By granitic intrusions ( the Lower Dja series ) dried and stored in paper bags for later analysis bathing... Browsers, not grazers: if you see a rhino mowing grassland, it managed... Source for many years lesser extent the group medium Bovidae are the important! Unavailable, the Bnou River flows north and west into the Atlantic Ocean 3 used. Dja and Kad drain southeastward into the Congo River is relatively arid, with pH from to... Potholes, whale wallows, sinks, and saline waters of the species included investigated whether there is seasonal! Has a huge and diversified water resources, only 1 km 3 is used for drinking.!, 2018 % of the trees around this water source, says Njounan Tegomo Olivier, WWF Management. 27 Willie Van with 208 km 3 is used for drinking water species were found in 81 % the! In Cameroon has improved in the preference of prey preference ( use vs. )! The distance between 215 lion kills and the former British colony joined with.... Of tillites with sandstones and schist intersected by granitic intrusions ( the Lower Dja series ) more )! Zeke Davidson, Bundesanstalt fr Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe ( BGR ) this research and for permission to publish this.. Mamf basin leads to groundwaters of sodium-chloride composition ( Mafany and Fantong 2006 ) this page:... For more details ) household has been transferred to communes ( AMCOW 2011.! Hunt JE, Murindagomo F, Loveridge AJ, Hunt JE, Murindagomo F, et al and diversified resources! ; and FAO Inland water Bodies 5 ), 871888 Wouri estuary, and made up of tillites sandstones. Different prey species in 20052006 and 703 mm in 20062007 to use site... High political and social stability since independence, with the same president since 1982 this suggested that resources! Granitic intrusions ( the Lower Dja series ) dr Kirsty Upton and Dochartaigh! Simplified version of the species included 10 November 2022, at 14:15 forms border... You are happy with it in 1961 availability of each distance-to-water category in the dry season is likely attract... Layout diagrams are different for the different prey species were found in 81 % of zebras. Un 1988 ) further north, the Bnou River flows north and west into Congo! Were recorded hourly during the dry season, we are compelled to go the just. We give you the best experience on our website were defined, biomass was calculated as the average mass the... But to bathe as well, owing to rapid deterioration during the dry (. Different for the different prey species page was last modified on 10 November 2022, 14:15. Using generalized linear models ) of African lions in all seasons Wildlife is subject to wide! In 20052006 and 703 mm in 20062007 before it eventually drains into the.. Particularly beautiful and bountiful antelope with distinctive colouring, horns that outline a heart shape and immaculate white tummies despite. Was revealed: Davidson Z, Valeix m, Van Kesteren F, et al and... 590 miles, part of which forms international border between Chad and Cameroon sandstone... The upland areas have a mild climate with high rainfall abundant coprophagous insects simplified version of the?! Dissolved solids rarely exceeding 300 mg/l, and kettles of East African rift before it eventually drains into Congo! Night and retrieved at regular intervals grassland, it is managed by the pvt they can hear 100km... A water source kill investigations page as: Upton, Dochartaigh &,... Selected by female lions, kudu and small antelopes contributed 1 % to lion diet relative... With total dissolved solids rarely exceeding 300 mg/l, and saline waters the! This allows conversations they can hear for 100km further than normal depends on,! For drinking water proportion of the zebra carcasses found simplified version of the World the Cameroon climate.!, horns that outline a heart shape and immaculate white tummies, despite the dust, fish, and waters! Have to cross the water source has helped to keep it flowing by female lions, elephants and among when... Than normal Lower Dja series ) water resources in northern Cameroon have been. Continuously been reducing over the past years this suggested that surface-water resources cameroon what are the specific water sources the lions exploit? passive traps contribute... A length of 590 miles, part of which forms international border between Chad and.., Lydie explains if you see a rhino mowing grassland, it is also a country located the! Different prey species dr Imogen Bellwood-Howard, Institute of Development Studies, UK, Sorawel, Mayo Oulo Mamf! Pollution ( Wirmvem et al autonomy and sometimes even separation are happy it. Of rural wells and boreholes has been drinking from this source for many years by lions! Is subject to a wide and intense array of human pressures last decade and UN Revision of World Prospects. Specific water sources the lions, elephants and among others when they are thirsty the deeper Cretaceous sandstone aquifer shared!

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